मानव में जीवन प्रक्रियाएँ

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मनुष्य जटिल प्राणी हैं और उनका पाचन तंत्र भी जटिल होता है। मानव पाचन तंत्र एक एलिमेंटरी नलिका और कुछ सहायक ग्रंथियों से बना है। एलिमेंटरी नलिका कई भागों में विभाजित होती है, जैसे कि अन्नप्रणाली, पेट, छोटी आंत, बड़ी आंत, मलाशय और गुदा। लार ग्रंथि, यकृत और अग्न्याशय सहायक ग्रंथियां हैं जो कि एलिमेंटरी नलिका के बाहर स्थित होते हैं। 

मानव पाचन तंत्र में एलिमेंटरी नलिका और संबंधित पाचन ग्रंथियां शामिल हैं, वे इस प्रकार हैं:-  

  • मुंह

  • घेघा

  • पेट

  • छोटी आंत

  • बड़ी आंत

    • मुख्य ग्रंथियाँ इस प्रकार हैं:- 

    • गैस्ट्रिक ग्रंथियां

    • जिगर

    • अग्न्याशय

मुंह में दांत और जीभ होती है। मुंह में लार ग्रंथियां भी मौजूद हैं। जीभ में ग्रसनी रिसेप्टर्स होते हैं जो स्वाद की भावना का अनुभव करते हैं। जीभ भोजन को मोड़ने में मदद करती है ताकि इसमें लार को ठीक से मिलाया जा सके। दांत भोजन को छोटे कणों में तोड़ने में मदद करते हैं, ताकि भोजन को निगलने में आसानी हो। इंसान में चार तरह के दांत होते हैं। खाने को काटने के लिए इंसीजर के दांतों का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है। कैनाइन दांतों का उपयोग भोजन को फाड़ने और कठोर पदार्थों को तोड़ने के लिए किया जाता है। भोजन के मोटे पीसने के लिए प्रीमियर का उपयोग किया जाता है। भोजन को ठीक से पीसने के लिए मोलर्स का उपयोग किया जाता है। 

लार भोजन को फिसलन बनाता है जिससे भोजन को निगलने में आसानी होती है। लार में एंजाइम लार एमाइलेज या पित्तलीन भी होता है। लारयुक्त एमाइलेज स्टार्च को पचाता है और इसे सुक्रोज में परिवर्तित करता है। 

पेरिस्टाल्टिक क्रिया द्वारा भोजन को मुंह से पेट तक ले जाया जाता हैं। जिसमें भोजन को आगे बढ़ाने के लिए एलिमेंटरी नलिका के अस्तर की मांसपेशियों का तालबद्ध संकुचन होना सहायक होता हैं। 

पेट की उच्च मांसपेशियों की दीवारें भोजन को मंथन करने में मदद करती हैं। पेट की दीवारें हाइड्रोक्लोरिक एसिड का स्राव करती हैं। हाइड्रोक्लोरिक एसिड कीटाणुओं को मारता है। इसके अलावा, यह पेट को अम्लीय बनाता है। गैस्ट्रिक एंजाइमों के काम करने के लिए अम्लीय माध्यम आवश्यक है। पेट में स्रावित एंजाइम पेप्सिन, प्रोटीन का आंशिक पाचन करता है। पेट की दीवारों द्वारा स्रावित बलगम पेट की अंदरूनी परत को हाइड्रोक्लोरिक एसिड से क्षतिग्रस्त होने से बचाता है। Read More…


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